Can a knee injury such as a torn meniscus and keyhole surgery cause arthritis later on?

Well, it depends on what was done during the surgery. If the meniscus was repaired, and the repair was successful, than your knee should be fine.
The problem with getting the meniscus removed, is that years of having bone rubbing on bone, will cause osteoarthritis. It might take 20 years, but will eventually happen.
My husband had his meniscus removed years ago, and is needing a total knee replacement.
That's why if repair is an option, it should be done.